A new report from Open Web Advocacy (OWA) criticizes Apple's implementation of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) regarding alternative browser engines on iOS in the EU. Sixteen months after the DMA ruling, no major WebKit-less browsers have emerged. OWA claims Apple's technical and financial restrictions are stifling competition by imposing barriers such as inadequate testing tools outside the US, hostile legal terms, and forcing developers to create entirely new apps for their engines, rather than updating existing ones. This forces developers to abandon existing EU user bases.